{"id":99,"date":"2024-06-26T12:45:17","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T10:45:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/?page_id=99"},"modified":"2024-06-28T14:03:55","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T12:03:55","slug":"soil-breathing","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/soil-breathing\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil breathing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Sous cette nappe de champs, couverture bien entretenue de cultures en rotation, se trame une tout autre histoire. Sols retourn\u00e9s, labour\u00e9s, lessiv\u00e9s, la nappe n\u2019a rien d\u2019une surface lisse sans rature ni trous. Rapi\u00e9c\u00e9e, raccommod\u00e9e, par ses pores meurtris s\u2019infiltrent et s\u2019\u00e9chappent les agents de sa perte – Nitrates. Comment respirer encore\u00a0? Les vents et la thermodynamique insensibles \u00e0 la vie font tourbillonner toutes sortes de produits. Inhaler, exhaler, c\u2019est ce qu\u2019on fait tous, sols, humains, animaux, plantes, quand on le peut encore, asphyxi\u00e9s par notre CO2 ou \u00e9touff\u00e9s sous les bl\u00e9s. Synchronisation malheureuse\u00a0?\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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La zone critique agricole<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Comment rendre visible ce qui disparait : le sol qui s\u2019\u00e9rode, les insectes qui s\u2019\u00e9teignent, les oiseaux qui ne reviennent plus – dans un environnement o\u00f9 les pratiques tardent \u00e0 se transformer pour enrayer ces disparitions ? <\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Bassin versant d\u2019Aurad\u00e9, Occitanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, vall\u00e9e de la Garonne, cycle saisonnier, semis, bl\u00e9, agriculteurs, pluies, molasse, pal\u00e9o rivi\u00e8res, \u00e9boulis, s\u00e9diments, argile, gr\u00e8s, banc calcaire, fossiles marins du Burdigalien, lentille sableuse, pal\u00e9o chenal, eaux de nappe, eaux d\u2019\u00e9coulement de surface, pal\u00e9o racines, racines, humus, microorganismes des sols, imagerie hyper-spectrale, nitrate, bandes enherb\u00e9es, azote, CO2, tour \u00e0 flux, chambres, flux, tourbillons, pi\u00e9zom\u00e8tres, nichoir, mangeoire connect\u00e9e, oiseaux, ruches, abeilles, aquacosme, scientifiques, insectes, sondes multiparam\u00e9triques, sondes mati\u00e8re organique, station de jaugeage, g\u00e9ophones, ondes sismiques,…<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9cit d’arpentage<\/summary>\n

Aurad\u00e9 fait partie d\u2019une grande Zone Atelier (de Gascogne) qui est d\u00e9coup\u00e9e en plusieurs petits bassins versants. L\u2019unit\u00e9 spatiale de ce bassin versant unique permet une lecture temporelle. S\u2019embo\u00eetent sur ce BV des temps diff\u00e9rents : cycles longs de la formation des sols profonds par l\u2019\u00e9rosion des montagnes des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es il y a des mill\u00e9naires ; cycles courts de l\u2019\u00e9rosion des sols (et leur lessivage) qui n\u2019est plus compens\u00e9 par le \u00ab lift \u00bb, l\u2019alt\u00e9ration des roches remontant \u00e0 la surface. D\u00e9synchronisation de la d\u00e9gradation \/ formation : les transports de mati\u00e8res deviennent importants. Enfin, la saisonnalit\u00e9 des cultures et des pratiques agricoles qui ont \u00e0 la fois modifi\u00e9 et se sont form\u00e9es avec ces saisonnalit\u00e9s. Des temporalit\u00e9s qui sont aussi corr\u00e9l\u00e9es aux variations des temp\u00e9ratures et des pluies avec hausse des \u00e9v\u00e8nements extr\u00eames, qui font perdre au temps sa r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 famili\u00e8re. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ici, la \u00ab viscosit\u00e9 \u00bb est plus importante que dans les autres observatoires. La terre colle aux chaussures. Pourtant, il y a une compr\u00e9hension progressive mais quelque peu masqu\u00e9e, de la perte des sols. Quelque chose de lent, insidieux, car pas du tout \u00ab accept\u00e9 \u00bb par celles et ceux qui cultivent la terre. Potentielle dissociation entre repr\u00e9sentation de ce de \u00ab quoi \u00bb je vis et o\u00f9 je vis r\u00e9ellement, qui peut \u00eatre mesur\u00e9e par la quantit\u00e9 de s\u00e9diments qui quittent le bassin versant. Le territoire perd litt\u00e9ralement de la mati\u00e8re, et cela se compte en tonnes. Comment montrer une disparition, ce qui n\u2019est plus l\u00e0, mais qui n\u2019est pas visible sans une mesure constante (par les instruments qui plac\u00e9s sur le site pendant longtemps permettent l\u2019acquisition de chroniques et d\u2019une m\u00e9moire du lieu) ? Lente r\u00e9duction de la fine couche de sol qui nous fait vivre, \u00e0 un rythme qui ne pourra pas \u00eatre compens\u00e9 par la lente cr\u00e9ation \u00e0 partir de la molasse, pourtant fertile. A point de vue humain, les pentes qui favorisent cette \u00e9rosion (bien que ce soit en premier lieu les labourages intensifs et des sols \u00e0 nus qui sont responsables), ne nous paraissent pas fortes mais elles le sont pourtant pour le sol. La carte est le point de vue du sol, elle se met \u00e0 leur place : ces pentes sont raides pour ces sols. Et puis comme des oasis, on d\u00e9couvre des lentilles, patchs sableux o\u00f9 on nous dit que c\u2019est par l\u00e0 que tout entre et sort \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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On a des chemins pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels par des macro-pores, on est sur des terrains argileux avec des argiles gonflantes, il y a des \u00e9coulements assez profonds qui se font en quelques minutes, c\u2019est assez surprenant. A plusieurs m\u00e8tres sous la surface on ne sait pas bien ce qui se passe, mais \u00e0 certains moments \u00e7a revient \u00e0 la surface par la faveur d\u2019entit\u00e9s g\u00e9ologiques qui sont beaucoup plus perm\u00e9ables, qui correspondent \u00e0 des pal\u00e9o-chenaux, des zones aux granulom\u00e9trie plus grossi\u00e8re, ce qu\u2019on appelle les lentilles de sable. \u00c7a converge \u00e0 des endroits o\u00f9 on peut observer des saturations. <\/p>\nVincent Bustillo<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

La molasse est une structure g\u00e9ologique entrecrois\u00e9e de d\u00e9chets issus de l\u2019\u00e9rosion des Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es, qui par d\u2019anciennes rivi\u00e8res et chenaux se sont d\u00e9pos\u00e9s des milliers de kilom\u00e8tres plus loin, et plus bas. Ces d\u00e9p\u00f4ts ont stagn\u00e9 et se sont solidifi\u00e9s. Il reste encore des pal\u00e9o racines, pal\u00e9o chenaux, sortes de creux ou de mati\u00e8re oxyd\u00e9e visible lorsqu\u2019on creuse dans ces pal\u00e9o rivi\u00e8res. Sur la carte, cette structure est rendue visible par l\u2019alternance de stries orange et rouge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais c\u2019est surtout la zone marron qui doit retenir notre attention : \u00e0 l\u2019interface entre l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et la molasse, le sol p\u00e9dologique, le sol qui r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e8re chaque saison les cultures, disparait. Il s\u2019\u00e9rode sur les sommets et se d\u00e9verse en aval du bassin versant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans cet observatoire o\u00f9 sont suivis les pratiques agricoles, la carte est structur\u00e9e autour des cycles agricoles. Selon les cultures et au rythme des pousses, le sol absorbe et rel\u00e2che du carbone en des quantit\u00e9s tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rentes. Le sol respire, les microorganismes, les vers de terre, les collemboles, les champignons et bact\u00e9ries, composant le sol, respirent, et ces flux ne peuvent \u00eatre capt\u00e9s que par des instruments assez sophistiqu\u00e9s comme les tours \u00e0 flux ou les chambres \u00e0 flux. La g\u00e9ophysique se combine \u00e0 la biog\u00e9ochimie, des micro-tourbillons, des fluctuations, des \u00e9coulements d\u2019air, aux \u00eatres qui les provoquent et maintiennent ainsi l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re respirable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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C’est le cycle court des grands cycles biog\u00e9ochimiques. <\/p>\nTiphaine Tallec<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

Cosmopolitical Earth Sensors<\/summary>\n

We could argue that this multiplicity of ways of seeing, viewing, experiencing the Earth, will create a more cosmopolitical approach in our ways of dealing with socio-environmental issues. CZ sensors mobilize mutlilocated, multifocal and multispecific processes of seeing. By multiplying the views thanks to the instruments, sensors, knowledge of the scientists and inhabitants, and by constructing the map around these multiple views, we shift the anthropocentric view.  For sure, there is already a cosmopolitical way of creating science and data, because the disciplines mobilized in each observatory must coexist, even if there are sometimes very different practices. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thus, this material collected in observatories could contribute to the definition of the cosmopolitical, a term suggested by Stengers, echoed by Latour and then Yaneva in the architectural context, a term that is linked to the theories of plural worlds, to the plurivers of Vivieros de Castro or Maria Puig de la Bellacasa, but also to the cosmograms of John Tresch or Fr\u00e9d\u00e9rique Ait Touati, which link architecture, reflection on the cosmos, science and philosophy, in the construction of occidental worlds. Critical zones observed in a multifocal way, with different sensors put together to acquire an entangled vision, offers a situated knowledge of beings of different regimes. This could shift the balance from anthropocentric nature (background nature as a resource well to be exploited, and malleable) to cosmopolitical nature. We also aim to clarify the making of terrestrial sciences – these scientists outside the laboratory must indeed be engaged with environments: negotiating territories with humans, but also with non-humans who may resist measurement. It is also these hiatuses in the difficulty of instrumenting the Earth that this research would like to show.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These maps are more oligoptic than panoramic: seing less but better, landing in critical zones, revealing the complex interconnections of processes at local and planetary scales. The maps of the CZ and its sensors are in fact the opposite of the satellite view, which offers a global, unified observation, as if the Earth were a single object unifying a single world. On the contrary, the environmental sensors distributed across the multiple locations of the CZ offer multiple, dynamic views of the Earth. But this also means that climate change is not a single world in crisis – which would justify a single way of acting or a single solution – but that there are multiple effects that the sensors help to trace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sensors as new techniques of detection<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

We don’t live disembodied on a globe. These cartographic experiments aim to situate us in the critical zone, its dynamics, flows, complexity and active entities. Why has the Earth become uninhabitable? What is our relationship with the elements of the world? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The world unfolds according to our bodily capacities. Existing things are the set of elements that a population will activate with a certain number of filters or the development of detection techniques to describe them. This gives us indices to activate in order to compose a world. So, there is no world waiting to be seen: it’s always a question of detecting elements to build a world, shared worlds made up of as many existing elements for a particular population that has objectified a certain number of elements. We gradually compose this world using the indices we’ve been given. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In today’s modern occidental society, how do we multiply what exists, how do we bring it out into the open?  The act of decomposition-recomposition is becoming urgent, and the description of the critical zone with instruments could enable us to recompose worlds with interactions and complexity we’re not used to. The problem is that there has been a progressive lack of understanding of existing interactions and the effects our actions have on the world. Re-populating the world as we see better with sensors, a gesture also made possible by the Copernican revolution heralded by the critical zone. The watershed makes the spectacle of the world different. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consolidating and making the world becomes plausible through narratives: change the world, change the narratives!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Resources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00eft-Touati (2024) Th\u00e9\u00e2tres du monde. Fabriques de la nature en Occident.<\/em> La d\u00e9couverte<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latour B. (2004) Whose Cosmos? Which Cosmopolitics? A Commentary on Ulrich Beck\u2019s Peace Proposal? in Common Knowledge, Vo. 10 Issue 3 Fall 2004<\/em> (450-462).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Latour B. (2010) An Attempt at a \u201cCompositionist Manifesto\u201d. In New Literary History<\/em> Vol. 41 (471-490)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tresch, J. (2005) Cosmogram. In Cosmogram<\/em>, edited by Jean-Christophe Royoux Melik Ohanian, 67-76. New York: Sternberg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tresch J. (2020) Around the Pluriverse in Eight Objects: Cosmograms for the Critical Zone. Critical Zones. The Science and Politics of Landing on Earth. <\/em>MIT Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stengers, I. (2010) Cosmopolitics I, Cosmopolitics II<\/em>, Minnesota University Press<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaneva, A., Zaera-Polo, A. (2015) What is cosmopolitical design? design, nature and the built environment<\/em>, Routledge.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n

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Go to fieldwork<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Go to workshop<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sous cette nappe de champs, couverture bien entretenue de cultures en rotation, se trame une tout autre histoire. Sols retourn\u00e9s, labour\u00e9s, lessiv\u00e9s, la nappe n\u2019a rien d\u2019une surface lisse sans rature ni trous. Rapi\u00e9c\u00e9e, raccommod\u00e9e, par ses pores meurtris s\u2019infiltrent et s\u2019\u00e9chappent les agents de sa perte – Nitrates. Comment respirer encore\u00a0? Les vents et… Poursuivre la lecture Soil breathing<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-99","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=99"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":476,"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99\/revisions\/476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gaiagraphie.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}